Disk operating system Essay

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a single-user, single-tasking computer operating system that uses a command line interface (CLI). †¢ It also works as an interpreter between user and computer. †¢ The term DOS can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used as shorthand for MS-DOS (Microsoft disk operating system). Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. The initial versions of DOS were very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have became increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of minicomputer operating systems. However, DOS is still a 16-bit operating system and does not support multiple users or multitasking. For some time, it has been widely acknowledged that DOS is insufficient for modern computer applications. Microsoft Windows helped alleviate some problems, but still, it sat on top of DOS and relied on DOS for many services. Even Windows 95 sat on top of DOS. Newer operating systems, such as Windows NT and OS/2 Warp, do not rely on DOS to the same extent, although they can execute DOS-based programs. It is expected that as these operating systems gain market share, DOS will eventually disappear. In the meantime, Caldera, Inc. markets a version of DOS called DR-OpenDOS that extends MSDOS in significant ways. †¢ †¢ Components of MS-DOS †¢ MS-DOS consists of four essentials programs and a set of additional utilities. Four main programs are †¢ Boot Record †¢ IO.SYS †¢ MSDOS.SYST †¢ COMMAND.COM What is BOOTing ? †¢ †¢ †¢ It is a process that starts up a computer. It checks for proper functioning of all the peripheral devices attached with the system. It searches for the operating system and, when located, loads it into the main memory. OR When the computer is switched on, the firmware program in Read Only Memory(ROM) also called Basic Input-Output System(BIOS) reads programs and data i.e. Operating System and loads it into memory (RAM). This process is known Bootstrapping(Booting). The OS once loaded takes control of the computer, handles user interaction and executes application programs. BOOTing Sequence During Booting process, computer loads the operating system into its memory. DOS booting involves reading following files into memory namely IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND COM. The Basic Input/Output Program (IO.SYS): This program provides interface between the hardware devices and software of the system. It takes care of the keyboard input, character output to monitor, output to printer and time of the day. The File and Disk Manager Program  (MSDOS.SYS) : It contains the file management and the disk buffering management capabilities. It keeps track of all the disk access of an application program and remains permanently in memory. The Command Processor (COMMAND.COM) : It is also called command interpreter. It is the program that displays the system prompt and handles user interface by executing the command typed in by the user using keyboard. The CONFIG.SYS file : This file contains reference to device drivers which are loaded when OS takes control of the computer. This device drivers are required for configuring operating system for running special devices. The AUTOEXEC.BAT file : This is a special batch program that is automatically executed when the system is started. It can be used to define keys, define the path that MS-DOS uses to find files, display messages on the screen etc. It will be executed only if it exists in the root directory or the diskette from which the system is loaded. Each time the system is started, MS-DOS executes the commands stored in AUTOEXEC.BAT file. One can run it without restarting the system by typing AUTOEXEC at the command prompt. Warm and COLD Reboot Switching on of the computer from Power off and loading the operating system is called â€Å"Cold Boot†. This generally starts with memory test and chips initialization. There may be case when the computer is already on or has hanged up and we want to reboot the system. This is known as â€Å"Warm Boot† and is done by pressing ctrl+alt+del keys simultaneously or just by pressing â€Å"Reset† button on the system. Naming DOS directories and files †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ There are two name in DOS and is divided into 2 parts. 1. Primary Name 2. Secondary Name or extension. Primary name is separated from the Secondary name/ extension with the help of a dot (.) look at the following example. Example: ENVOICE. TXT †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Primary name can be from 1 to 8 characters long. Secondary name contains 3 or less than 3 characters and is optional. The extension tells DOS about what kind of file it is. A valid Character for naming a file are: from A to Z and the digit 0 to 9 Types of DOS commands †¢ C :> Is known as DOS command prompt, where we give the commands. DOS command divided into 2 parts. 1. Internal Commands or Memory-Resident Commands 2. External Command or Disk-Residence Commands †¢ Any instruction given to the computer to perform a specific task is called command. The DOS has several commands, each for a particular task and these are stored in DOS directory on the disk. The commands are of two types : (a)Internal Commands : These are in built commands of MS-DOS i.e. these are stored in Command interpreter file (COMMAND.COM). These commands reside in the memory as long as the machine is at the system prompt(C:>) level. To use these commands no extra /external file is required. E.g. DATE, TIME, DIR, VER etc. These are also called Memory Resident Commands. These commands are automatically loaded into the computer‟s memory during the booting process. They actually included in the Command.com file. So these commands are executable immediately after getting the DOS prompt. Example: mkdir, cd, rd, copycon etc. (b) External commands : These are separate program (.com) files that reside in DOS directory and when executed behave like commands. An external command has predefined syntax. for e.g. HELP, DOSKEY, BACKUP, RESTORE, FORMAT etc. These are also called Disk-Resident Commands. These commands are meant for special purpose. These are found in separate files on Hard Disk or Floppy Disk, hence they don‟t typically consume valuable memory space. They are loaded into memory only when called. Example: xcopy, move, doskey etc. Microsoft Disk Operating System Introduction to the Operating Systems: An Operating system is software that creates a relation between the User, Software and Hardware. It is an interface between the all. All the computers need basic software known as an Operating System (OS) to function. The OS acts as an interface between the User, Application Programs, Hardware and the System Peripherals. The OS is the first software to be loaded when a computers starts up. The entire application programs are loaded after the OS. Whenever an application needs information it requests the OS which in turn queries the System clock on the motherboard. User interacts with the computer through the OS then OS interprets inputs given by a user through the Keyboard, Mouse or other input device and takes appropriate actions. An Operating System can be of Three Types: Single User MS-Dos, MS-Win 95-98, Win-ME Multi User UNIX, Linux, XENIX Network Novel Netware, Win-NT, Win-2000-2003 1. Single User: If the single user os is loaded in computer’s memory; the computer would be able to handle one user at a time. 2. Multi user: If the multi-user os is loaded in computer’s memory; the computer would be able to handle more than one user at a time. 3. Network: If the network os is loaded in computer’s memory; the computer would be able to handle more than one computer at time. Command Prompt Interface: Operating System provides a text based interface called command prompt. From the command prompt commands can be issued to perform file and disk management and to run program. Results of these commands are presented to the user as text message. C:>The command prompt can be an alphabet followed by one colon (:), one back slash (), one greater than sign (>) and one blinking element called cursor (_). Where C: represents the Drive letter (Current Drive) represents the current folder / Directory > represents the end of the Prompt and _ blinking element (represents the Cursor) Always a cursor position decides that the current typed letter from the keyboard will appear on that position. The operating system (OS) is the first program that must be loaded into the memory of your PC before you can use it for any application. You can start your computer with disk operating system (DOS) or some other operating system such as Windows 95, 97, 98 or Windows NT that might be installed in the Hard disk. In this chapter, we shall discuss the basic facilities available in DOS. Switch to MS-DOS and go through most of the text given in this and the next two chapters. If your computer is running under windows 95/98 or Windows NT, perform the following steps to switch to MS-DOS, otherwise move to section 2.1. ï‚ · Click the start button in the taskbar and press the windows logo key to open the start menu then click programs in the start menu. ï‚ · Windows displays the program submenu. ï‚ · In the program menu click MS-DOS Prompt and your screen displays a window that contains MS-DOS Prompt, such as â€Å"C:windows>_†. ï‚ · If you like you can also restart your computer in MS-DOS mode by using the following steps: o Close any open programs o Click the Start Button in the TaskBar or Press the Windows Logo Key to open the Start Menu. o Click â€Å"restart in MS-DOS Mode† and then click OK. Wait for some time and your PC restarts in MS-DOS Mode. After your PC starts in MS-DOS Mode or window, skip the next section and move to section 2.2. What is a File? In computer terminology, file is a collection of text or data stored on a storage device, such as a Floppy Disk or Hard Disk. If you new to computers, it may sound a bit complicated. Well, a computer file is not much different from a conventional paper file that you must have used, or at least seen being used. Just as you stored different types of documents (invoice, letters, reminders, memos etc.) in conventional files, computer files too store information. File Name Each file is given a name so that it can be referred to later. This name is called Filename. The filename in DOS can be up to eight alpha-numeric characters long. Optionally it can also have a period (.) followed by an extension name. The extension name the up to three characters long. For instance, consider the following filename: REPORT2 PROGRESS.DOC Here REPORT2 is a filename. This filename does not have an extension name – „DOC‟. The use of an extension name in a filename is optional. However, the extension name helps in organizing and identifying a file. For instance „DOC‟ may suggest that it is a document file; and „COM‟ may suggest that is a command file. If you use an extension name with a filename, normally you will have to specify the complete file name, normally you will have to specify the complete file name (i.e. including the extension name) while using it with DOS commands. While naming files, you can use the following characters in filename: A- Z, a- z, 0 – 9, @, #, $, %, ^, &, -, _, { },`, ~,( ) You cannot use other characters, such as coma (,) colon (:), semicolon (;), , , /, etc. in filename. Moreover, you cannot use space in filenames. Some examples of invalid file names are: Filename Reason SALE 2 Contains space PROGRESSER Contains more that eight characters MY, File Contains commas CHAP_01.DOC3 Extension name contains more than 3 characters If you use more than eight characters in the filename or more than three characters in the extension name, DOS may automatically truncate the filename by removing extra characters. Further, some file names, such as COM 1, COM 2, LPT1, com and PRN are reserved by DOS for its own use. Therefore, do not use these names to name your file. Also, remember that all DOS application programs including Word, Excel, WordStar, Bbase III PLUS AND Fox Pro follow the same file naming convention. WHAT IS A Directory? As you know, the storage capacity of the hard disk is usually quite large (10 MB to a few GB). You can store hundreds or even thousands of files in your hard disk. Even the capacity of a floppy disk is large enough to store many files. A directory is nothing but a named section of a storage device, such as hard disk, floppy disk. In other words, to organize file on hard disk or floppy disk, these are divided into various segments (sections), called directories. You can store any number of files in each directory. The directory helps to organise your file in an efficient manner. Using directories in a storage devise is similar to keeping different types of files in an office in separate drawers of a filing cabinet. For instant, Xyz Company may keep all sales files in the first drawer, all purchase files in the second drawer and all employees‟ files in the third drawer of a filing cabinet. In the same way, when XYZ Company computerizes its operation, it may store all sales files in the SALES directory, all purchase files in the PURCHASE directory and all employees‟ files in the EMPOLYEES directory. Similarly, the user Raj Kumar may keep his personal files in the RAJ directory and the secretary of XYZ Company may store the letters in the LETTERS or DOC directory. Like a file name, the directory name can also have up to eight alpha-numeric characters. The directory name can also have and extension name up to 3 characters long. However, normally, the extension name is not used with the directory name. When you start your PC, it usually responds with „C :/>‟ and selects the main or the root directory of drive C. Any file that you create or copy to drive  C is added to this root directory. If you continue to add files in the root directory, after a few days, the root directory will have too many files. This will not only confuse you, it will also make the PC slow. The PC may take too long to locate or open the files if there are too many files in a directory. There for you should try to use directories (and sub directories) in your hard disk DOS always creates a root directory in each story device. You can create new directories in the root directory of the hard disk or floppy disk. You can store files in these directories. Moreover, beside files, each directory can also have directories. Those, the file and directory organization in DOS looks like the roots of a tree, as show in figure 2.1.here, the root directory in drive C contains if you files in two directories – WORD and EXCEL. The WORD directory contains a few files as well as a directory TENDER. Sometimes, the second level directory (TENDER in this case) is called sub-directory. The root directory contains another directory – EXCEL. This directory contains a few files as well as two directories – SALES and EMPLOYEE. Both these directories contain files. At any level in the directory structure, can be created. For example, another directory, say FOXPRO directory may contain files as well as more directories. If you want, you can remove files from any directory or more files to another directory. You can also delete an enter directory. Comments to copy, move, rename and delete files and to create and change directories are discussed letter in this chapter. Additional file and directory comments are discussed in the next chapter.

The Indian History Essay Paper

OB Notes Paper Pattern: 100 Marks: Q1. Compulsory. Based on â€Å"Ek ruka hua faisla† (Answer any 4 out of 7 options). Example question: Personality & Leadership Traits of Character No. 7 in the movie†¦ Q2 – Q7. Answer any 4 (20 marks each) Q2. would be Short Notes Q3. – Q7. – Each question would be of two parts (A&B). Part A – Theory & Part B – Caselets in DPA format Tip: Please answer in Bullet points only. Topics: 1. Basic of Behaviour 2. Organisation – context of opp and Interdependence 3. Personality 4. Beliefs & Paradigms 5. Groups & Teams – Composition, Advantages, Disadvantages, formal, informal, How best teams come into existence. . Core Values & Adaptive Values 7. Five levels of change 8. Adaptation & Leadership Theory 9. Learning 10. Conflict 11. Basic of Motivation – stress management & Time management, Traits from 6 Personality Traits for Transformational & Transactional, Motivation & Morale Theories: 1. Blate & Motoun Managerail Grid. 2. Ringlemen Effect 3. Bruce & Tactman Model of Team formation 4. Malow’s Pyramid 5. The Medici Effect – franz Johamsson 6. The fifith Discipline – Peter Senge 7. Classic Conditional Theory of Learning 8. Stimulus Response Learning 9. REBT – Rational Emotive Behaviour Theory 10. The Ice berg model 1. The Big 5 model 12. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor 13. Thomas Profiling 14. FIROB 15. MBTI 16. Johari Windows 17. Transactional Analysis 18. DISC # Genesis of OB: -Psycology -Sociology -Social Psycology -Anthropology -Political Science †¢Behaviour is an Action †¢Communication leads to behaviour †¢We communicate at all times †¢Types of Communication -Verbal -Non-Verbal -Written # Unsound Behaviour & Sound Behaviour # Sound Behaviour is Type B Behaviour -Communication is Basic -You communicate all the time -â€Å"B† is a form of communication, it is external. -Value at bottom â€Å"B† is adapted value Core values are common to all of us # Value: (Ringleman Effect) – Core Values & Adapted Values: Sound Behaviour is outcome of sound values – Value is a 3 leg Tool: Comfort Zone, Meaningfullness, Identity #Structural Conflicts of Values: Value Level Person APerson B HighHonesty Money ————– ————– – ————- LowMoneyHonesty -Nature of Human is â€Å"Dynamic†, not static -Self Deception # How to resolve conflict in such situation? Approach – Diagnosis, Prescription & Action 1. Individual Discussion (with person A & person B separately) 2. Value check of each individual 3. Identify individual goals . Common Goal (Creation of super ordinate goals so that values of both the person are not diluted) Topic 2: Team & Group #Team: -Team is like entity -It does not form by itself. It is created outside -Taken as human being, it has its own value -Team i s considered as organic body & has emotion & cohesiveness -Team has to be flexible to achieve the super-ordinate goals (common goal/combined goal of different persons) -Team is only when it is comprised of experts -Every member of team has to be an expert in a particular field -Success or failure of the team is because of the leader †¢Stages in Formal to Informal: 1.Forming: Introduction, bringing team together, bringing about unification 2. Storming: Conflict management & leadership, ego clashing, most important parts are resolved, it is always never ending. 3. Norming: Settle down. 4. Performing †¢Steps a Leader has to take: 1. Cohesiveness 2. Team building (strengthening the team together towards an activity) 3. Differences have to be brought down to convergence of difference 4. develop dependence between team members to have convergence of difference # Group: -It is collection of resources (money, men, material, machine) – denominated by man power -Can be formed externally or internallyFormal GroupsInformal Groups 1. Goal forms outside1. Stated bonding 2. It is governed by certain rules2. Discipline is lacking 3. Restricted3. Impenetrable 4. Goal oriented4. They make or break the organisation 5. Communication & bonding not very strong5. Communication and bonding is very strong 6. Conditional behaviour towards goal achievement 7. Values may or may not exist6. Values do exist 8. Motivation driven by goal # Merits of Formal Groups: -Structured -Rule oriented -Disciplined -Goal oriented -Goal focused -KRAs, Duties are very clear -Stakes are very high, hence behaviour based on stakes # Demerits of Formal Groups: Restricted Behaviour -No transparency, not genuine -No natural bonding -No values & conflicts are always hidden # Informal Groups: -Within every formal structures group, we always have informal groups -In an organization each one is at a level & has got: i. Power ii. Authority iii. Accountability iv. Responsibilities -Energy of informal groups should be used towards productivity -They can make or break an organization -They would not allow or permit a member from another informal group with value or value system different from his group as the values and the comfort zones & identities are different. 2 Laws of Communication: 1. Law of Entertainment: When 2 bodies are in proximate they eventually entertain – get affected by each other. 2. Law of Synchronicity: When 2 bodies entertain over a period of time they eventually synchronize – characteristics of one tends to rub of into the other & viz (emotional exchange). â€Å"Reprimand in private and praise in public† # 4 Zones in Life: 1. Internal Zone: Where you operate from your home. It is suppose to have nurturing, advice, criticism, corrections. 2. Spiritual Zone: Individual Commitment with spirit 3. Work Zone: 4.Social: Outside the work place & home. All the people you meet outside the work & home. # Organisation Structure # HR Audit # Upward Spiral # Learning Curve # Attitude: -Congruent (Behaviour in line with thoughts) -Dissonant (difference in behaviour and thoughts) # Stagnation Stage # Learning: Knowledge + Actions (repeated actions) = Skills â€Å"A learning is a learning when certain body of knowledge is effectively transferred into actionable skills† -Skill development: Intensifying existing & enhancing new skills -Phase of Learning of an employee in an organization: 1st Phase: Technical Skills nd Phase: Behavorial Skills 3rd Phase: Conceptual Skills -Two types of Learning: a)Active: Self-driven desire to learn. When an individual experiences the need to change, the learning becomes active. b)Passive: Forced by situations & circumstances -It is upto the individual driven by his values & perceptions to choose to actively learn or reject the learning till it reaches its higher stake -When an individual a change about to happen in future & that to with meaningfulness, he/she is on critical path of learning - Awareness of change normally initiates active learning Learning is the courage of acquiring knowledge & putting into action -Learning has ethical & moral needs # Why do we learn? -Need to Change -Situations -High Stakes # Learning Block -Unawareness -Attitude (Is the knowledge really required by me?†¦. ) # Change # Types of Change: -Percieved & Non- Percieved -Fast Change & Slow Change †¢Those changes which are perceivable by our sensory experiences are perceivable changes, whereas those which do not fall under perceivable changes are termed as non-percievable changes. # 5 Levels of Change: 1. Cosmic Change (Changes in Galaxy) 2. Environmental (Global Warming) . Social Changes (Society) 4. Organic Changes (Body) 5. Cellular †¢The whole universe is in the process of eternal change. Change is required for evolution. †¢The purpose of change is to adapt & evolve †¢Adaption mean acceptance of change by addressing values & perception & thereby behaviour †¢Adj ustment is painful, adaption is powerful †¢Adaption occurs when an individual develops self awareness of change, continuously learns & develop lateral skill # 4 Stages of Learning: 1. Unaware of incompetency (Ignorance) 2. Aware of the incompetancy (Knowledge) – Stage where you stay or quit 3.Aware of competency (Skills) 4. Unaware of competency (Competance) †¢Competancy is a process centric and not content centric # Learning Theories: 1. Classical Conditional Theory of Learning/Stimulus Response Learning 2. Response Stimulus Learning 3. Cognitive Learning 4. Social Learning 1. Classical Conditional Theory of Learning/Stimulus Response Learning: Russian Psychologist Evan Paulov conducted an experiment: Dog-Meat & Bell Meat called as the unconditional stimulus, unconditional stimulus creates unconditional response along with the meat he rings the bell. The bell called as neutral stimulus. . Response Stimulus Learning: – Trial & Error Learning – ABC Lear ning: A-Antecedent, B-Behaviour, C-Consequence – For every behaviour ‘B’, there is an antecedent ‘A’ to consequence ‘C’ any trial & error is accidental. 3. Cognitive Learning: – Meaningful mental map, which we create of a reality, which varies from person to person – Recognise repeated cognize 4. Social Learning: – Learning from society (e. g. peers, friends) – This is the highest form of learning followed by cognitive learning and then Stimulus response and there on †¢Dominant vs. Back-up style of learning †¢Trusteeship & ownership Leadership †¢Learning Style -Ignorance -Knowledge -Skills -Competency # Emotional Intelligence: -Empathetic Listening -Focus to the issue and not on person -Empowerment -Who is learning & what type -EI is experiential learning # Leadership: -Leadership is a â€Å"Style† -A good leader has a good ET – Emotional Intelligence # Steps to be a Good Leader: 1 . To be an empathetic listener 2. Tries to focus on the issues & solution path & not on the person 3. He empowers the followers 4. Brings in confidence building 5. To understand the learnig curve of the follower 6. He recognizes his own skills as well as others . He develops trusteeship (detachment) and not ownership (attachment) 8. He is known by his absence and not by his presence 9. He is a risk taker as he has a focus on locus of control 10. Leader is not a position, it is a process # Types of Leadership: 1. Autocratic 2. Democratic 3. Laissez Faire 4. Situational Leadership â€Å"Personality + People + Effectiveness = Leadership† â€Å"Situational Leaders has two styles – Dominant (own skill) & Back-up (learned skill)† -During critical situations, dominant style comes in place #Categories of Leadership: 1. Trasactional Leadership: Creates followers 2.Transformational Leadership: -24Ãâ€"7 approach, creates leaders, creates vision -Communicate it very clearl y to everybody -They act on the vision himself first. This develops inspiration among others and creates followers -People on their own join the leader -He creates future leaders -To develop EQ : – He has to take risk (emotional) which comes only through experience – He needs to be aggressive, go getter, pushes others & himself in achieveing goals †¢Emotional Intelligence is the separator between Manager & Leader # 6 Personality Traits: 1. Locus of Control: strong internals, control over situations 2.Machawallism: -High Mach (highly manipulative) -Low Mach (Less Mach) 3. Type ‘A’ & Type ‘B’: -A = Aggressive, go getter -B = Laid Back 4. Self Motivating: pause —? Listen –? Reflect –? Respond. -It starts with self-awareness of one’s thoughts, words & action. It converts a reaction to a response. A good leader will have a moderate level of self-monitoring 5. Risk Taking 6. Self-Esteem # Blate & Motoum Managerial Gr id (Training model) (1, 1) – Impoverished leader – least concern for result & people (9, 1) – High concern for results & least for people – Autocratic (1, 9) – Termed as ‘Country Club Manager’.High concern for people but less for result (9, 9) – Ideal, Proactive Manager – The leader. Equal concern for both. It’s not a destination but a journey which a leader constantly tries to achieve. He is a situational leader. He uses the people’s competencies toward’s achieving goals. He is always ‘Ethical’. Requires tremendous self-discipline. Role Personality is a connectivity between the Role & the Goal. They have personal sense of humility (5, 5) – ‘Middle of the Road Manager’. It is a process. Tries to rise from the strategic level to visionary level. # Personality: 1.Definition 2. Traits 3. MBTI/Thomas Profiling 4. 16 PF/FIROB/DISC 1. Definition: â€Å"It is a sum total of inner & outer attributes†, where – Inner Factors: Values, attitudes, perception, belief, paradigms Outer Factors: Physical disposition, mannerism, habits, behaviour. All the factors put together comprises of personality -Role Clarity is subjective whereas Goal Clarity is objective -Inner factor drives the outer factor -When meaningfulness of the goal is aligned with values, perception of role, the individual develops the role personality in line with the goal. In most cases he is effective in achieving goal. For e. g. : Student has a goal of learning a subject: i. He must have a clarity what he is learning ii. Learning, as we know is absorption of knowledge into doable action called skills. iii. This is of the purpose of acquiring knowledge is to transform an adopted behaviour then the learning is effective iv. The individual needs to focus this aspect of learning & align these aspects with consistently, he tends to play the Role Personality effectively v. Although all goals are measurable, the measurable may not indicate his learning (at times he may get higher %age, at times lower) vi.All in all his focus should be to absorb knowledge & change his behaviour. So long as this focus is maintained, we can see him maintain Role Personality quite effectively. This is seen through his behaviour of active participation in all situation to acquire and assimilate indulging & convert them into skill & behaviour changes †¢Scenario: A, B, C, D are team members in a certain vertical. – ‘A’ is hardworking but, stickler to time – he works strictly 9. 00am – 5. 00pm. His output is remarkable – ‘B’ – Intelligent, genius, erratic, maverick – available only when a crisis occurs.Arrogant & individualistic – ‘C’ – Quiet, laid-back, seemingly unintelligent, very obedient, slow worker, everyone likes him – ‘D’ – Into mood swings, creates goals, disappear for days & returns & works for long hours to complete his tasks, rarely talks, very helpful though, does not like to be asked questions The above 4 team members are assigned a project for SMG (self-managed groups) The time frame is 1 month. All 4 team members need to be optimally used. Design a goal & perform a DPA by mapping characteristics, personality Create roles & goals to attain effectiveness Strengths & weakness of each team member:Team Member ‘A’: S: Time management, hardworking, goal oriented, focused, commitment, disciplined, organized W: Rigid Team Member ‘B’: S: Crisis management, confident, go-getter attitude, individualistic W: Arrogant, selfish, individualistic (low people skills) Team Member ‘C’: S: Strong values, obedient, strong interpersonal skills, approachable, quiet, laid-back, good follower W: laid-back, slow coach, quiet Team Member ‘D’: S: Goal setter, Innovator, compassionate, helpful W: Disappe aring act, moody, does not like to be asked questions # Need Drive theory of Motivation: -All needs are basic requirements for organization When a need arises, it indicates a deficit -This deficit leads to a disturbance in comfort zone -There arises instantly within the organism, a type of drive that propels the organism to fulfill this deficit, thereby restoring comfort zone -When this fulfillment is complete, the organism is set to achieve total satisfaction -This drive is called motivation -This drive is automatic, instant, since it has its origins on survival of species, inshort it is instinct driven -Hence motivation is a term given to instinct driven that almost instantaneously develops the need deficit into need fulfillment -This is the animal side of the humanIn day-to-day scenarios, we need to identify the diference between needs & wants. Needs are basic, wants are desired NEED(instinct) + DESIRE = Want (Rational) Need when fulfilled gives 100% satisfaction (does not leave any memory). A need is always an instant gratification # Frustration Model: It is derived from need-drive theory of motivation. If a need deficit arises in an individual, it creates a drive almost instantly to fulfill this need. While in process of fulfilling the need, if there arises an obstruction or barrier, the organism will anyway be fulfilling it through alternate means.This altered behaviour is always unsound behaviour This behaviour is a repetitive behaviour. â€Å"Without action there is no motivation† # Fundamental Theories of Motivation: 1. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation 2. Goal Path Theory of Motivation The individual’s motivation is a result of 2 influences – Internal & external # What motivates you? -Content theories of Motivation: i. Maslow’s Theory of needs ii. Fedrick Hersberg’s – Two factor theory of needs iii. ERG Theory of Needs – albert iv. David Mc Cleeland’s Theory of Needs # Why and how are people mo tivated? – Process Theories of Motivation i. Stacey Adam’s Equity Theory i. Victor Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy iii. Poter Roller’s Theory of Intrinsic rewards 1. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation: It has 2 parts: a. Positive Reinforcement b. Negative Reinforcement Encouraging behaviour that are desired by an organization constitutes the frameqork of +ve reinforcement. The employees are encouraged to regret & certain behaviour that are desirable for the end customer of goal This is usually done by rewards, hence also termed as motivation by Rewards On the other hand there are certain behaviours which are not in line with organizational needs. These behaviours need to be discouraged.Instead of allowing these behaviours to repeat, organization resort to collapsing these behaviours. This is brought about through the process of punishment termed as motivation by punishment or –ve reinforcement. Historically such reinforcement is resorted to at the fun ctional level of organization, where rewards & punishment form the value criteria of employees’s behaviour As 1st time learners, all of us resort to stimulus response learning, our behaviour are also stimulus response based. Hence, it is natural for us to respond to the reinforcement method of motivation 2. Goal – Path theory of motivation:

Analysis of Space Exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Analysis of Space Exploration - Essay Example The government and NASA have conspired to brainwash the ordinary person with these images, with the aim of grossly exaggerating the budgetary allocations assigned to NASA in every financial year. The statement put across here is that success in space exploration can only be achieved through government funding by employing billions of dollars to fund NASA’s space exploration operations. This statement is a fraud that the government and NASA would have us believes to be the only strategy of achieving success in space exploration programs. NASA would have us believe that extravagant expenditures are the only way of reaching an advanced technological breakthrough in space exploration. However, this is not true, because space technology can be easily equated to an expensive toy, which is flashy and exciting while new but irrelevant and outdated once it has outlived its uses when newer and more exciting toys hit the market shelves. Although government funding is necessary for space exploration, it does not necessarily mean that the funding has to be stretched to billions of dollars begotten from the public coughers. Space exploration may be expensive, but this does not necessarily mean that NASA should ask for exorbitant finances from the government for their space operations. This is because expensive technology does not essentially translate to operation success, but rather a chance at innovation to develop simple, efficient, and cost friendly space technologies. NASA should not, therefore, employ the ‘sledgehamme r’ approach to space technology, where they employ the sophisticated technology card to every challenge faced by the program. Instead, the government should provide limited funding, which is centered upon responsible spending and efficiency of space exploration technology.  Ã‚  

The Public Register Online Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Public Register Online - Assignment Example Coca Cola used a traditional approach in its annual report since the report is written in black and white. The annual report of Dr. Pepper Snapple Group is more visually appealing due to the fact the annual report is written using color ink with graphics and photos. The annual report of this company is easier to read as the information is not a cluttered as in the Coca-Cola annual report. The way the Coca-Cola annual report is presented detracts from value of the information that is presented. To me it seems as if Coca-Cola wrote the report thinking only about its obligation with the SEC, instead of realizing the importance of the annual report for the investor community. One good attributes about the format used by Coca Cola is that as you move through the report in the left side there are links itemizing the topics which helps the user jump to different topics within the report instantly. The 2010 Coca Cola annual report has all the necessary components that an annual report is supposed to have and is well structured, but the report lacks the ability to connect with the reader. The Dr Pepper Snapple Groups annual report uses several techniques business professionals use to make the presentation of financial and business data easier to understand and more fun to read. The Dr Pepper Snapple Group management team presents a positive outlook in the annual report. The company has been able to penetrate the non-soda beverage market very well with a market share of 40.4% largely in part to the booming sales of the Snapple natural beverages (Annual Report: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, 2010). The Dr Pepper brand has achieve six consecutive years of sales growth and the firm has increased its customer reach through its distribution of the product at over 14,000 McDonald’s establishments. The annual report of this firm focused on the domestic market since 89% of the firm sales are in the United States with additional international revenues coming from

Research paper on Marie Curie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

On Marie Curie - Research Paper Example Marie spent most of her entire life in France, married scientist Pierre Curie, got two kids (Irene and Eve), and devoted her life to scientific research that led to her discovery, and two Nobel prize awards in physics and chemistry. She was a woman subjected to humiliation and discredit because of her affair after the death of her husband. This was associated to her scientific work and was an effort to bring her reputation down. Today, most of her work and discoveries are subjects to reference in medical fields, and have contributed a lot to the evolution of cancer treatment, X rays, and development of nuclear weapons. Keywords: Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Discoveries, Radium and Polonium, Russian Government, Warsaw, Paris, Sorbonne, Nobel Prize, Radium Institute, Science, Research , Laboratory, X Ray, Nuclear Introduction Marie Curie is one of the greatest role models for women in the contemporary world. She was confronted by numerous plights that continue to impede women’s su ccess in workplace domains to this day. Her life, character, actions, and decisions were shaped up by her experiences as she grew up, the people she interacted with in her early life, and the motivations she had to change people’s ideologies, and prove capable of contributing into the scientific revolution. Women have for a long time been left out in important factors of development. Their perceptions are still ignored to certain extents in the society, which makes them feel that they can only accomplish with the help of great men by their side. Marie broke off from that stereotypical ideology and demonstrated her great intuition and tenacity to succeed in scientific evolution, even in the trying times and circumstances that linked her personal life with her work. Marie Curie passed through difficult and tempting moments, ranging from loosing some her family members at a young age, rejection in studies based on the existing law in her country, catering for her education and h er family when she moved to Paris, not to mention the hard decisions she had to make to strike a balance between her work, desires, and family. She confronted her situations with determination and perseverance, despite lack of recognition to her efforts in scientific discoveries, but tactically used any available opportunity to defend her course till she convincingly earned it. The Early life of Marie Curie Marie Curie was originally born in Poland at a time of political difficulties in a place called Warsaw. Marie was the last among five children in her family, and lived between 7th November 1867 and 4th July 1934 (â€Å"Polish Girlhood,† n.d.). Her original name was Maria Sklodowska and her childhood nickname was Manya. Numerous wars between the existing European monarchs and the local Poland’s revolts, the resulting treaties, political issues and instabilities had led to disintegration of Poland, which ended up affecting Warsaw’s economic and social structure s. The communities and reds of Poland at the time had made numerous attempts for revolution against the dictatorship monarchs, who had deprived them for a long period. Marie was born when Poland was under the Russian government. Russian governors had been placed in charge of different regions of the land, and continued to execute their repressive rule on the people. Warsaw, Lithuania, and Ruthenia were the major active locations in former Poland, whose populations exhibited political demonstrations and uprisings to challenge the Russians. Russian rule gained strength

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Book Review - Essay Example These documents are tangible proof of the manner in which governments and titans of the industry have harmed their own people. What is most shocking is the tendency of investigating agencies to later help in the cover up operations mounted by these industrial giants and the so-called protectors of the citizens of the nation. These accounts of governmental apathy and disregard for innocents raises the troubling question of how safe are we, the populace of a nation. In this summary, we shall be discussing this hand in glove attitude of people in power, who treat common individuals as guinea pigs in their quest for control over the world. Edwin Black’s IBM and the Holocaust is a painstaking episode delving into the convergence of technology and the extermination of Jews in Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1945. It is a powerful documentation of how Thomas J. Watson’s (Chief of IBM at the time) greed and his desire to monopolize the emerging market of technological possibilities led him to make covert deals with Hitler’s government. Hitler was not the first man to hate the Jews, but his terrifying objectives of wiping out Jews from Europe was aided by the â€Å"solution providers† at IBM. The IBM Hollerith D-11, card sorting machine, which identified the Jews during the 1933 census, in a way sealed their fates forever. Edwin Black lays the blame for the condition of Jews as much on Hitler as the card machines provided to the Third Reich by Thomas J Watson’s company. These machines helped in cross indexing government, church and communal records. Edwin Black juxtaposed the movement of ma chines from one Nazi occupied territory to another and uncovered that it was these machines, using punch cards, all provided by IBM, which helped in the systematic slaughter to Jews. These lists can be termed as glaring instances of corporate misconduct, because the greed of one company fed the vicious ambitions of one individual,

Educational Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Educational Television - Essay Example These trends were caused by popularization of new medium and its advantages for common citizens. A great number of innovative educational TV programs were developed in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The major force behind many of these productions was the Children's TV Workshop (CTW), which combined the talents of educational advisors, professional researchers, and TV producers. The programs made by CTW were carefully crafted pieces of TV which were guided by detailed research among members of target audiences. "The establishment of the Carnegie Commission in 1965 was critical to the survival of ETV" (Educational Television n.d.). During the next decades, educational TV was also broadly funded in the United States, particularly by substantial grants from the Ford Foundation and later by the U.S. Office of Education. Concurrently, regional organizations attempted to promote audience selectivity when they listened to radio, including choosing "better quality" programs from circulated lists, and communicating with radio managers of stations and networks about programs (Children's Educational Television 2006). Education TV is popular because it has a positive impact on learners abilities and knowledge level. Education philosophy variously features deduction by lecture and analysis, or induction from experience and discussion, or a combination of both forms of instruction. Researches prove that how well viewers are able to learn and remember from TV can depend significantly on how the information is presented. Production practices routinely adopted by TV editors, for example, may result in programs which present too much information, too quickly, and with built-in (often visual) distractions. Under these conditions, even interested viewers may flounder. Ultimately, though, whether or not children learn from TV depends on a mixture of factors which relate to viewers' background knowledge and interests, reasons for watching TV, degree of concentration and attention while viewing, and the way that programs are produced (Razel 2001). Some of educational TV productions are broadcast as part of mainstream TV for children, while others have been specially made for schools audiences. An impressive range of schools programs has been produced over many years in the USA, although these have met with a mixed reception from teachers and children. A considerable body of research has revealed that educational TV does have potential to improve children's knowledge about a variety of subjects. Failure to fulfill this potential frequently stems from program-makers' misunderstanding of audience needs, interests and learning abilities. When audience research is used wisely, however, some very effective, as well as popular, productions have resulted. It was found that with educational TV programs that contained more than one theme, recall and comprehension levels again indicated that children can and do learn from such programs. The children correctly recalled 60 per cent and correctly understood 53 per cent of material tested fr om these programs These global figures, however, conceal significant age differences. Older children generally scored much higher than younger children. Age was also highly correlated with general knowledge (Flew, 2002). It is possible that older children have more background knowledge to call upon and better information-processing skills. Indeed,